Resale Statistics

With these resale statistics, you can get a better idea of the HDB resale market movements and make a more informed decision.

Current resale statistics

Median resale prices for registered resale applications

The median resale prices by town and flat type for resale cases registered in the 4th Quarter of 2020

The median price is the fiftieth percentile amount of HDB resale flat purchases. This means that half of the flats transacted were purchased at amounts above the median price, and half of the flats were purchased at amounts below the median price. These figures are based on resale flat transactions recorded for the quarter, and sorted by town and flat type.

Legend

Here are the notes and legends for the symbols used in the following table:

  • (-) indicates no resale transactions in the quarter

  • Asterisks (" * ") refer to cases where there are less than 20 resale transactions in the quarter for the particular town and flat type. The median prices of these cases are not shown as they may not be representative

  • The data excluded transactions that may not accurately reflect the market price, i.e. resale of part shares, resale between related parties, cases under the Conversion Scheme, resale of terrace flats, and converted flats

  • The figures are rounded to the nearest hundred dollars

The following table shows the median resale prices by town and flat type for resale cases registered in the 4th quarter of 2020:

TOWNS 1-ROOM 2-ROOM 3-ROOM 4-ROOM 5-ROOM EXECUTIVE
ANG MO KIO - * $300,000 $405,400 $690,000 *
BEDOK - * $290,000 $410,000 $589,000 *
BISHAN - - $367,000 $520,000 $718,000 $900,000
BUKIT BATOK - - $277,000 $385,000 $535,000 $649,400
BUKIT MERAH * * $329,000 $680,000 $745,000 -
BUKIT PANJANG - * $315,000 $427,000 $530,000 $642,500
BUKIT TIMAH - - * * * *
CENTRAL - * $421,000 $636,500 * -
CHOA CHU KANG - * $335,000 $400,000 $477,500 $554,500
CLEMENTI - * $327,000 $497,500 $690,000 *
GEYLANG - * $278,500 $635,000 * *
HOUGANG - * $292,000 $410,000 $521,500 $672,800
JURONG EAST - * $299,000 $422,500 $524,000 $640,000
JURONG WEST - * $280,000 $375,000 $468,000 $580,000
KALLANG/WHAMPOA - * $303,000 $552,500 $654,000 *
MARINE PARADE - - $354,000 * * -
PASIR RIS - * * $450,000 $511,400 $637,500
PUNGGOL - * $374,500 $475,500 $549,400 *
QUEENSTOWN - * $328,000 $792,500 $917,500 *
SEMBAWANG - * * $370,000 $422,000 $500,000
SENGKANG - * $352,400 $435,000 $497,000 $576,000
SERANGOON - * $308,900 $438,000 $546,000 $738,000
TAMPINES - * $335,000 $435,000 $545,000 $681,000
TOA PAYOH - * $268,000 $566,000 $757,500 *
WOODLANDS - * $265,000 $374,000 $445,000 $639,000
YISHUN - * $295,000 $400,000 $509,000 $618,000

Resale applications registered

Total number of resale applications registered sorted by quarter and flat type

QUARTER 1-ROOM 2-ROOM 3-ROOM 4-ROOM 5-ROOM Executive* Total
1Q2020 3 153 1,375 2,537 1,419 406 5,893
2Q2020 3 64 877 1,374 845 263 3,426
3Q2020 2 155 1,835 3,211 1,954 630 7,787
4Q2020 3 110 1,683 3,139 2,047 660 7,642
Total for 2020 11 482 5,770 10,261 6,265 1,959 24,748

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

Resale Price Index (RPI)

RPI for 1st Quarter 2020 to 1st Quarter 2021 (Flash Estimate)

Resale Price Index (RPI)

This index can be used to compare the overall price movements of HDB resale flats. It is calculated using resale transactions registered across towns, flat types, and models. The base period is the 1st quarter of 2009, i.e. RPI has a value of 100 in 1st quarter 2009. For example, if the index increases from 100 to 108 in 1 year, that means that on the whole, HDB resale flat prices increased by about 8% over that year.  

Year

Quarter

Index

% Change from Previous Quarter
2021 I (Flash Estimate) 142.0 2.8%
2020 IV 138.1 3.1% 

 

III 

133.9

1.5%

 

II

131.9

0.3%

 

I

131.5

0.0%

1Q21 RPI Small Chart

Past resale statistics

Median resale prices for registered resale applications

These are the median resale prices by town and flat type for resale cases registered from 2nd quarter 2007 to 4th quarter 2020.

The median price is the fiftieth percentile amount of HDB resale flat purchases. This means that half of the flats transacted were purchased at amounts above the median price, and half of the flats were purchased at amounts below the median price. These figures are based on resale flat transactions recorded for the quarter, and sorted by town and flat type.

Legend

Here are the notes and legends for the symbols used in the following tables:

  • (-) indicates no resale transactions in the quarter

  • Asterisks (" * ") refer to cases where there are less than 20 resale transactions in the quarter for the particular town and flat type. The median prices of these cases are not shown as they may not be representative

  • The data excluded transactions that may not accurately reflect the market price, i.e. resale of part shares, resale between related parties, cases under the Conversion Scheme, resale of terrace flats, converted flats, and HUDC flats

  • The figures are rounded to the nearest hundred dollars

 

The following tables show the median resale prices by town and flat type for resale cases registered since 2007:

2020

4th quarter

TOWNS 1-ROOM 2-ROOM 3-ROOM 4-ROOM 5-ROOM EXECUTIVE
ANG MO KIO - * $300,000 $405,400 $690,000 *
BEDOK - * $290,000 $410,000 $589,000 *
BISHAN - - $367,000 $520,000 $718,000 $900,000
BUKIT BATOK - - $277,000 $385,000 $535,000 $649,400
BUKIT MERAH * * $329,000 $680,000 $745,000 -
BUKIT PANJANG - * $315,000 $427,000 $530,000 $642,500
BUKIT TIMAH - - * * * *
CENTRAL - * $421,000 $636,500 * -
CHOA CHU KANG - * $335,000 $400,000 $477,500 $554,500
CLEMENTI - * $327,000 $497,500 $690,000 *
GEYLANG - * $278,500 $635,000 * *
HOUGANG - * $292,000 $410,000 $521,500 $672,800
JURONG EAST - * $299,000 $422,500 $524,000 $640,000
JURONG WEST - * $280,000 $375,000 $468,000 $580,000
KALLANG/WHAMPOA - * $303,000 $552,500 $654,000 *
MARINE PARADE - - $354,000 * * -
PASIR RIS - * * $450,000 $511,400 $637,500
PUNGGOL - * $374,500 $475,500 $549,400 *
QUEENSTOWN - * $328,000 $792,500 $917,500 *
SEMBAWANG - * * $370,000 $422,000 $500,000
SENGKANG - * $352,400 $435,000 $497,000 $576,000
SERANGOON - * $308,900 $438,000 $546,000 $738,000
TAMPINES - * $335,000 $435,000 $545,000 $681,000
TOA PAYOH - * $268,000 $566,000 $757,500 *
WOODLANDS - * $265,000 $374,000 $445,000 $639,000
YISHUN - * $295,000 $400,000 $509,000 $618,000

3rd quarter

TOWNS 1-ROOM 2-ROOM 3-ROOM 4-ROOM 5-ROOM EXECUTIVE

ANG MO KIO

-

*

$277,000

$415,000

$636,000

*

BEDOK

-

*

$275,000

$385,000

$560,000

$730,000

BISHAN

-

-

*

$530,000

$760,000

*

BUKIT BATOK

-

-

$266,000

$365,500

$525,000

$578,000

BUKIT MERAH

*

*

$310,000

$661,400

$760,000

-

BUKIT PANJANG

-

*

$316,500

$415,000

$520,900

$608,000

BUKIT TIMAH

-

-

*

*

*

*

CENTRAL

-

*

$400,000

$710,000

*

-

CHOA CHU KANG

-

*

$308,000

$386,500

$440,000

$538,900

CLEMENTI

-

*

$295,000

$500,000

$842,500

*

GEYLANG

-

*

$259,500

$545,000

$689,000

*

HOUGANG

-

*

$290,000

$393,000

$537,900

$657,000

JURONG EAST

-

*

$280,000

$400,000

$471,500

*

JURONG WEST

-

*

$265,000

$360,000

$448,000

$548,500

KALLANG/WHAMPOA

-

*

$283,900

$515,000

$663,500

*

MARINE PARADE

-

-

$375,000

*

*

-

PASIR RIS

-

*

*

$428,000

$495,000

$605,000

PUNGGOL

-

$245,500

$360,000

$465,000

$560,000

*

QUEENSTOWN

-

*

$320,400

$783,500

*

*

SEMBAWANG

-

*

*

$360,000

$410,000

$480,000

SENGKANG

-

*

$350,000

$435,000

$475,000

$570,000

SERANGOON

-

*

$326,200

$425,000

$590,000

*

TAMPINES

-

*

$322,500

$430,100

$522,000

$685,000

TOA PAYOH

-

*

$250,000

$550,000

$720,000

*

WOODLANDS

-

*

$255,000

$350,000

$425,000

$580,000

YISHUN

-

*

$280,000

$365,300

$480,000

*

2nd quarter

TOWNS

1-ROOM

2-ROOM

3-ROOM

4-ROOM

5-ROOM

EXECUTIVE

ANG MO KIO

-

*

$272,000

$405,000

$555,000

-

BEDOK

-

*

$275,500

$395,000

$560,000

*

BISHAN

-

-

*

$555,000

*

*

BUKIT BATOK

-

-

$260,000

$343,000

*

*

BUKIT MERAH

*

*

$327,500

$668,000

$725,000

-

BUKIT PANJANG

-

*

$308,000

$419,000

$460,000

*

BUKIT TIMAH

-

-

*

*

*

*

CENTRAL

-

*

*

*

*

-

CHOA CHU KANG

-

-

*

$360,000

$430,000

$512,500

CLEMENTI

-

*

$290,000

$449,000

*

*

GEYLANG

-

*

$243,000

$427,500

*

*

HOUGANG

-

*

$280,000

$396,500

$530,000

*

JURONG EAST

-

*

$262,500

$368,000

$540,000

*

JURONG WEST

-

*

$260,000

$347,900

$430,000

$530,000

KALLANG/WHAMPOA

-

-

$280,000

$525,000

*

*

MARINE PARADE

-

-

*

*

*

-

PASIR RIS

-

*

*

$420,000

$500,000

$586,900

PUNGGOL

-

*

$356,900

$465,000

$495,000

*

QUEENSTOWN

-

*

$298,000

$768,000

*

*

SEMBAWANG

-

*

*

$354,000

$406,000

*

SENGKANG

-

*

$338,500

$421,000

$518,000

$565,000

SERANGOON

-

-

*

$458,000

*

*

TAMPINES

-

*

$325,000

$425,000

$530,000

*

TOA PAYOH

-

*

$250,000

$571,500

$682,000

-

WOODLANDS

-

*

$245,000

$335,000

$405,000

$580,000

YISHUN

-

*

$265,000

$379,000

$485,000

*

1st quarter

TOWNS

1-ROOM

2-ROOM

3-ROOM

4-ROOM

5-ROOM

EXECUTIVE

ANG MO KIO

-

*

$269,500

$397,500

$590,400

-

BEDOK

-

*

$275,000

$387,300

$550,000

*

BISHAN

-

-

*

$521,500

$694,000

*

BUKIT BATOK

-

-

$253,000

$350,000

$518,500

$592,500

BUKIT MERAH

*

*

$325,000

$640,000

$817,500

-

BUKIT PANJANG

-

*

$305,000

$411,000

$520,000

$580,000

BUKIT TIMAH

-

-

*

*

*

-

CENTRAL

-

*

*

*

*

-

CHOA CHU KANG

-

*

*

$339,000

$420,000

$528,000

CLEMENTI

-

*

$315,000

$644,000

$815,000

*

GEYLANG

-

*

$225,000

$450,000

*

*

HOUGANG

-

*

$272,000

$400,000

$511,500

$682,900

JURONG EAST

-

*

$268,000

$375,000

$475,000

*

JURONG WEST

-

*

$260,000

$360,000

$429,400

$545,000

KALLANG/WHAMPOA

-

*

$283,500

$500,000

$698,700

*

MARINE PARADE

-

-

*

*

*

-

PASIR RIS

-

*

*

$435,500

$495,000

$608,300

PUNGGOL

-

*

$356,500

$460,000

$493,000

*

QUEENSTOWN

-

*

$308,000

$728,000

$852,500

*

SEMBAWANG

-

*

*

$351,000

$408,000

*

SENGKANG

-

*

$340,000

$425,000

$480,000

$565,000

SERANGOON

-

-

*

$429,000

*

*

TAMPINES

-

*

$320,000

$422,500

$535,000

$680,000

TOA PAYOH

-

*

$250,000

$539,000

$688,000

*

WOODLANDS

-

*

$263,000

$340,000

$405,000

$578,000

YISHUN

-

*

$270,000

$360,000

$482,500

$584,000 

2nd Quarter 2007 to 4th Quarter 2019

Resale median prices for registered resale applications from 2nd Quarter 2007 to 4th Quarter 2019

Resale applications registered

Total number of resale applications registered from 2007 to 2019

2019

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

6

87

1,225

2,032

1,148

337

4,835

2nd

4

97

1,532

2,652

1,520

471

6,276

3rd

1

139

1,540

2,553

1,547

484

6,264

4th

0

128

1,576

2,659

1,519

457

6,339

Total

11

451

5,873

9,896

5,734

1,749

23,714

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2018

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

2

66

1,046

1,810

1,111

423

4,458

2nd

3

102

1,382

2,372

1,559

523

5,941

3rd

3

121

1,704

2,828

1,797

610

7,063

4th

2

82

1,408

2,394

1,350

401

5,637

Total

10

371

5,540

9,404

5,817

1,957

23,099

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2017

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

2

64

1,210

1,857

1,055

342

4,530

2nd

1

100

1,519

2,529

1,407

445

6,001

3rd

5

96

1,400

2,447

1,428

432

5,808

4th

2

71

1,414

2,368

1,403

480

5,738

Total

10

331

5,543

9,201

5,293

1,699

22,077

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2016

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

1

51

1,220

1,809

1,023

345

4,449

2nd

3

72

1,500

2,473

1,369

421

5,838

3rd

1

74

1,473

2,250

1,283

433

5,514

4th

1

69

1,326

2,071

1,186

359

5,012

Total

6

266

5,519

8,603

4,861

1,558

20,813

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2015

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

2

77

1,247

1,608

925

276

4,135

2nd

3

78

1,518

2,120

1,210

357

5,286

3rd

2

80

1,374

1,935

1,140

362

4,893

4th

3

82

1,399

1,993

1,113

402

4,992

Total

10

317

5,538

7,656

4,388

1,397

19,306

 * Includes Multi-Generation flats

2014

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

4

92

1,285

1,444

726

230

3,781

2nd

3

119

1,411

1,669

913

274

4,389

3rd

4

94

1,416

1,735

960

304

4,513

4th

10

118

1,398

1,779

1,024

306

4,635

Total

21

423

5,510

6,627

3,623

1,114

17,318

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2013

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

1

159

1,362

1,523

962

328

4,335

2nd

3

185

1,640

1,922

1,070

415

5,235

3rd

2

172

1,377

1,670

969

339

4,529

4th

1

132

1,251

1,524

784

309

4,001

Total

7

648

5,630

6,639

3,785

1,391

18,100

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2012

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

3

100

1,756

2,226

1,370

437

5,892

2nd

1

139

1,974

2,676

1,594

627

7,011

3rd

11

146

1,848

2,419

1,558

578

6,560

4th

2

123

1,593

2,129

1,288

496

5,631

Total

17

508

7,171

9,450

5,810

2138

25,094

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2011

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive*

Total

1st

3

103

1,818

2,266

1,582

456

6,228

2nd

4

116

1,966

2,365

1,635

495

6,581

3rd

4

112

1,796

2,118

1,415

458

5,903

4th

3

86

1,712

2,224

1,412

484

5,921

Total

14

417

7,292

8,973

6,044

1,893

24,633

* Includes Multi-Generation flats

2010

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive

Total

1st

3

122

2,471

3,190

2,047

651

8,484

2nd

4

127

2,679

3,296

2,240

768

9,114

3rd

5

166

2,407

2,965

1,975

687

8,205

4th

7

134

2,036

2,290

1,477

510

6,454

Total

19

549

9,593

11,741

7,739

2,616

32,257

2009

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive

Total

1st

5

64

2,011

2,488

1,506

372

6,446

2nd

1

70

2,860

3,787

2,713

753

10,184

3rd

4

88

3,015

4,062

3,422

1,058

11,649

4th

5

120

2,508

3,326

2,187

780

8,926

Total

15

342

10,394

13,663

9,828

2,963

37,205

2008

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive

Total

1st

3

59

1,854

2,415

1,574

453

6,358

2nd

6

65

2,182

2,857

1,997

656

7,763

3rd

2

61

2,296

2,956

2,172

625

8,112

4th

4

57

1,806

2,336

1,578

405

6,186

Total

15

242

8,138

10,564

7,321

2,139

28,419

2007

Quarter

1-Room

2-Room

3-Room

4-Room

5-Room

Executive

Total

1st

5

67

1,908

2,365

1,402

511

6,258

2nd

3

65

2,390

3,091

2,305

854

8,708

3rd

6

65

2,179

2,833

1,901

738

7,722

4th

7

80

1,945

2,525

1,667

524

6,748

Total

21

277

8,422

10,814

7,275

2,627

29,436
 

Resale Price Index (RPI)

RPI for 1st Quarter 1990 to 1st Quarter 2021 (Flash Estimate)

This index can be used to compare the overall price movements of HDB resale flats. It is calculated using resale transactions registered across towns, flat types, and models. The base period is the 1st quarter of 2009, i.e. RPI has a value of 100 in 1st quarter 2009. For example, if the index increases from 100 to 108 in 1 year, that means that on the whole, HDB resale flat prices increased by about 8% over that year.

The RPI tracks the overall price movement of the public housing market. It is calculated using resale transactions registered across towns, flat types, and models. The base period is the 1st quarter of 2009, i.e. RPI has a value of 100 in 1st quarter 2009.

Download PDF version

Year

Quarter

Index

% Change from Previous Quarter
2021 I (Flash Estimate) 142.0 2.8%
2020 4th  138.1 3.1%

 

3rd

133.9

1.5% 

 

2nd

131.9

0.3%

 

1st 

131.5

0.0%

2019

4th

131.5

0.5%

 

3rd 

130.9

0.1%

 

2nd

130.8

-0.2%

 

1st

131.0

-0.3%

2018

4th

131.4

-0.2%

 

3rd 

131.6

-0.1%

 

2nd

131.7

0.1%

 

1st

131.6

-0.8%

2017

4th

132.6

-0.2%

 

3rd 

132.8

-0.7%

 

2nd

133.7

-0.1%

 

1st

133.9

-0.5%

2016

4th

134.6

-0.1%

 

3rd

134.7

0.0%

 

2nd

134.7

0.0%

 

1st

134.7

-0.1%

2015

4th

134.8

0.1%

 

3rd

134.6

-0.3%

 

2nd

135.0

-0.4%

 

1st

135.6

-1.0%

2014

4th

137.0

-1.5%

 

3rd

139.1

-1.7%

 

2nd

141.5

-1.4%

 

1st

143.5

-1.6%

2013

4th

145.8

-1.6%

 

3rd

148.1

-0.9%

 

2nd

149.4

0.5%

 

1st

148.6

1.3%

2012

4th

146.7

2.5%

 

3rd

143.1

2.0%

 

2nd

140.3

1.3%

 

1st

138.5

0.6%

2011

4th

137.7

1.7%

 

3rd

135.4

3.8%

 

2nd

130.4

3.2%

 

1st

126.4

1.6%

2010

4th

124.4

2.6%

 

3rd

121.3

4.0%

 

2nd

116.6

4.0%

 

1st

112.1

2.8%

2009

4th

109.0

3.8%

 

3rd

105.0

3.6%

 

2nd

101.4

1.4%

 

1st

100.0

-0.8%

2008

4th

100.8

1.4%

 

3rd

99.4

4.2%

 

2nd

95.4

4.5%

 

1st

91.3

3.7%

2007

4th

88.0

5.8%

 

3rd

83.2

6.5%

 

2nd

78.1

3.0%

 

1st

75.8

1.2%

2006

4th

74.9

0.9%

 

3rd

74.2

-0.1%

 

2nd

74.3

1.0%

 

1st

73.6

0.1%

2005

4th

73.5

0.4%

 

3rd

73.2

-0.4%

 

2nd

73.5

-4.8%

 

1st

77.2

0.1%

2004

4th

77.1

1.0%

 

3rd

76.3

0.1%

 

2nd

76.2

1.2%

 

1st

75.3

0.3%

2003

4th

75.1

1.1%

 

3rd

74.3

2.5%

 

2nd

72.5

2.1%

 

1st

71.0

1.6%

2002

4th

69.9

0.0%

 

3rd

69.9

1.0%

 

2nd

69.2

0.1%

 

1st

69.1

-0.7%

2001

4th

69.6

-1.4%

 

3rd

70.6

-2.1%

 

2nd

72.1

-1.5%

 

1st

73.2

-3.4%

2000

4th

75.8

-2.3%

 

3rd

77.6

-2.1%

 

2nd

79.3

-1.2%

 

1st

80.3

0.6%

1999

4th

79.8

2.2%

 

3rd

78.1

8.2%

 

2nd

72.2

1.4%

 

1st

71.2

-1.5%

1998

4th

72.3

-3.5%

 

3rd

74.9

-4.3%

 

2nd

78.3

-4.2%

 

1st

81.7

-7.2%

1997

4th

88.0

-6.0%

 

3rd

93.6

-4.0%

 

2nd

97.5

-1.1%

 

1st

98.6

-0.4%

1996

4th

99.0

2.7%

 

3rd

96.4

6.1%

 

2nd

90.9

12.9%

 

1st

80.5

9.2%

1995

4th

73.7

8.9%

 

3rd

67.7

5.9%

 

2nd

63.9

11.5%

 

1st

57.3

4.6%

1994

4th

54.8

0.4%

 

3rd

54.6

5.6%

 

2nd

51.7

2.6%

 

1st

50.4

2.9%

1993

4th

49.0

2.7%

 

3rd

47.7

20.5%

 

2nd

39.6

31.1%

 

1st

30.2

5.6%

1992

4th

28.6

2.1%

 

3rd

28.0

2.2%

 

2nd

27.4

6.2%

 

1st

25.8

2.8%

1991

4th

25.1

-0.4%

 

3rd

25.2

-1.2%

 

2nd

25.5

2.4%

 

1st

24.9

0.8%

1990

4th

24.7

-1.2%

 

3rd

25.0

2.5%

 

2nd

24.4

0.4%

 

1st

24.3

 

 Note:

  • The index till 3rd quarter 2014 was computed using stratification method, while that from 4th quarter 2014 onwards is computed using the stratified hedonic regression method

  • Indices from 1st quarter 1990 to 3rd quarter 2014 are re-scaled using a factor of 100 (new index in 1st quarter 2009)/ 138.3 (original index in 1st quarter 2009) multiplied on the original index level to derive the re-based index level for the respective quarters. Due to rounding, there could be some differences in the quarterly price change compared to the RPI series before re-scaling. 

  • The index for 1Q2021 is a flash estimate.

 

Resale flat prices

Use our HDB Map Services to get past resale transacted prices for specific locations, for example, in a particular block or street. You can also check past HDB resale transacted prices (up to 2 years) by flat type and town/ street with our Resale Flat Prices service.

Recommended